Organizational Commitment Essay

The focal top of trenchant human resource management (HRM) is on managing people within the employer-employee kindred. As banks ar considered a very critical industry of the economy, it is important that the workforces leap outing these banks argon well motivated and are rough-and-ready in delivering the necessary work output. It includes the productive utilization of employees to achieve the schemes business objectives and satisfy individual employee needs (Stone, 1998). HRM assays to strategi treaty combine the interests of an organization and its employees (McGraw, 2003).Consequently, ineffective HRM can be a major barrier to employee pleasure and organization success (McGraw, 2003). HRM practices in the banking industry play a key position in attracting, motivating, rewarding, and retaining employees. HRM practices include recruiting employees, selecting employees, designing work, compensating employees, and developing good labor and employee relations (Noe, 2005). For the purpose of this study, the researcher bundled five particularised human resource management practices.These are HR planning, training, go victimisation, performance estimation, and employee participation programs. The researcher chose to bundle HRM practices since bundled HRM practices produce interrelated and complimentary functions. For example, training and development, and performance appraisal overlap each others results. The appraisal of an employees performance will show potentials and identify gaps in employees knowledge, skills, and abilities that will be filled in by training and development.Furthermore, the alignment of HR practices produce synergy change to increase productivity and incorporate financial performance (Huselid, 1995). Bundled HRM practices total to overall firm performance by motivating employees to take aim desired attitudes and behaviors (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004). Moreover, Chang (2005) argues that employees perceived HR practice as an exclusi ve and single practice rather than separate and diverse fields. According to Fishbeins (1963) an individuals overall attitudes towards each HRM practices can be represented by a summation of the belief held about each HR practices.It is important to study HRM practices and its relationship with work related attitudes, and behaviors. Attitude is a mental state of readiness that is organized through experience, applying a dynamic influence on the individuals response to objects and situations to which it is related such as job satisfaction and organizational trust. (Allport, 1935). On the other hand, behaviors are manners in which an individual or concourse conduct and respond to his/her environment like Organizational Citizenship Behaviors or OCBs ( Robbins, 2005).Employee perception of organizational banking practices and working conditions within the banks of Jamaica influence employee attitudes and behavior (Guest, 2001). Existing organizational practices within banks in Jamaica such as HRM should facilitate the development of desired employee attitudes and behavior that contribute to enhance firm performance. Previous studies fuddle found that positive perceptions of HRM practices accept to positive employee attitudes and behaviors such as job satisfaction (Guest, 1999), organizational trust, organizational commitment, organizational justice (Greenberg, 1990).Job satisfaction, organizational trust and OCBs were the variables selected to be studied in relation with HRM practices as these three elements are key factors in organizational effectiveness and these variables are considered understudied. These facets affect and overlap each others functions and outputs that contribute to the development of HRM practices. Furthermore, this study contributes to the literature by examining a wide breadth of outcome measures within the same study.The study extends HRM literature in three ways. First, it provides extra research in the examining the role of HRM pract ices to employee attitudes and behaviors since there are limited studies in HRM conceptualized as a bundle (Chang, 2005 Guest, 2004 Huselid 1995). Second, it examines the proposition of Morrison (1996) on the role of HRM practices in contributing to extra-role behaviors. An examination of HRM literature revealed that there has no study conducted investigating HRM to organizational citizenship behaviors.Third, it also simultaneously examines HRM, job satisfaction, organizational trust, and OCBs in one study. Previous studies have examined these variables separately. For example, Ellickson (2002) and Bradley, Petrescu, and Simmons (2004) conducted the study on HRM practices to job satisfaction, Tzafrir (2004) examined HRM practices to organizational trust. Furthermore, since there are limited studies on HRM practices within the banking industry this would contribute to the importance of HRM practices in the management organization. follow of Related Literature Human Resource Managemen t Practices HRM contribute to the attainment of an organizations competitive advantage through the strategic implementation of a highly committed and competent workforce using an integrated range of cultural, structural, and soulfulnessnel techniques. Effective HRM leads to an organization success by developing employees that contributes to the delivery of products and services bring client satisfaction, business results, and shareholder value (Stone, 1998).The main purpose of HRM is to improve the productive contribution of people wherein the employees are being heard by the management and dower the employees to find new resources that enable them to successfully perform their jobs (Ulrich, 1997). The role played by human resource functions is best explained by determining the key objectives that they seek to align strategies, develop effective policies, systems and activities which are significant to the firms overall success (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2002 Storey, 1995).HRM f unctions are critical in running an effective organization. Organizations need to have a competitive HRM functions in order to maintain a competent workforce and attain business objectives (Newman & Hodgetts, 1998). HRM function includes planning, training and development, career development, performance appraisal, and employee relations. These functions help organizations to facilitate strategies that allow them to achieve efficiency and effectiveness (Stone, 1998). HRM functions must change in manner that it accomplishes new roles and new competencies.It also has to be transformed to deal creatively and practically with the emerging challenge. HRM practices have a tangible and various intangible organizational consequences. Prior researches have found support for the role of HRM practices in predicting organizational commitment (Davidson, 1998), job satisfaction (Bradley et al. , 2004), and procedural justice (Edgar & Geare, 2005). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a pleasurabl e unrestrained state resulting from the valuation of his or her work (Locke, 1976 Steijn, 2002).Even though job satisfaction is a highly personal experience, there are a government issue of facets that seem to contribute the most to feelings of job satisfaction. Steijn (2002) stated that mentally challenging work, adequate compensation pay, career opportunity, the ready availability of promotions, people that are friendly, considerate, or good-natured superiors contribute to job satisfaction (Johns & Saks, 2000). For instance, the ready availability of promotions is positively related to job satisfaction.The promotion given enhances the perception of the employees that they are valued complete by the organization (Garrido, Perez, & Anton, 2005). Previous studies have shown that compensation (Bassett, 1994), opportunity for advancement (Schneider, 1994), psychological climate, and leadership manner (Howell & Frost, 1989) are antecedents of job satisfaction. Organizational corpora te trust Trust is an individuals expectation, assumption, or belief about the likelihood that a nonhers future action will be beneficial, favorable, or at to the lowest degree not detrimental to ones interests (Meyer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995).Trust is considered to be an essential component in organizations since it is a consistent instrument that supports organizational change and development in an unpredictable environment than hierarchical power and direct surveillance (Kramer & Tyler, 1996). Several studies clearly indicate that the formation of trust within workplace relationships is composite and elusive (Tzafrir, 2003). Furthermore, workplace trust is a necessary element for the development of competitive advantage through support, co-operation, and improvement of systems.Trust is viewed as a gas of the social foundation that begins interactions among parties (Mayer & Davis, 1999). According to Kramer and Tyler (1996), there is a need for organizational trust for the rea son of there are organizational needs that are not to be disclosed and one of the elements to address these requirements are employees that trusts their organization. Currall and Judge (1995) defined trust as an individuals reliance on another person under conditions of dependence and risk. Dependence operator that ones outcomes are reliant on the trustworthy or untrustworthy behavior of another.Furthermore, risk means that one would experience negative outcomes from the other persons untrustworthy behavior (Kramer & Tyler, 1996). Previous studies have shown that psychological contract breach (Costa 2001), leadership style and organizational communication are antecedents of organizational trust. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCBs) are behaviors that are discretionary, indirectly seen or recognized by the authorised compensation system, and as a whole encourage the effective functioning of an organization (Organ, 1998).It is also defined a s an employee behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty and is therefore discretionary and not rewarded in the context of an organizations formal reward structure (Konovsky & Pugh, 1994). Social exchange is an explanatory mechanism to obtain OCBs. It refers to relationships that entail unspecified future obligations. Social exchange is a critical element in understanding OCBs. It is the theoretical basis and the starting point for OCBs to obtain.When HRM practices offered by the organization are perceived favorable by employees, they tend to reciprocate by OCBs (Organ, 1998). For example, when supervisors treat employees fairly, social exchange and the norm of reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960) regularise that employees reciprocate, and OCBs are the avenue for employees reciprocation. There are five dimensions of OCBs (Organ, 1998). First is altruism that involves all discretionary behaviors that have the effect of serving a specific other person with an organizationally importa nt task or problems.The second is conscientiousness it is the extent that a person goes well beyond the satisfactory or required level in work attendance the person exemplifies the brand of OCBs. Third is sportsmanship which the employees goodwill in tolerating less than ideal circumstances without complaining and qualification a federal case out of small potatoes. The fourth dimension is civic virtue which is the behavior that shows a concern for participating in corporate life for example, by performing tasks that they are not required to perform, and doing so for the benefit of the organization.It also implies a sense o involvement in what policies are adapted and which candidates are supported. The last dimension is courtesy which involves such actions as touching base with those parties whose work would be affected by ones decision or commitments. Touching base refers to actions done by employees that their co-employees values (Organ, 1998). Previous studies have shown that p rocedural justice (Alotaibi, 2001 Organ, 1998), organizational commitment (Alotaibi, 2001 Mayer & Allen, 1997 Moorman et al. , 1993 ), and job satisfaction (Alotaibi, 2001 Moorman et al. , 1993) leads to OCBs.