International Financial Management

Question: Examine about theInternational Financial Management. Answer: Examining Arbitrage The procedure of simultaneous buying and selling of an advantage from various sorts of market and areas so as to take the advantage of value changes is known as exchange (The Economics Times, 2016). According to my perspective in exchange, the distinction in the cost of an advantage is viewed as the net sum payable from the business. I accept that getting profits by the utilization of the diverse exchange for charge reasons for existing is known as assessment exchange. My understandings uncover that the organization utilizes better places for buying the benefits so as to exploit the expense rate. For example, the organization may take rent of an advantage in one nation, which is adaptable in the treatment of the capital resource consumption and the benefits got by the organization. Henceforth, the liberal help of that nation in the administration of the exchanges would permit the organization to produce a critical straight duty misfortune on the understanding of the business (Murphy, 2012). From the above model, I feel that expense exchange is a typical thing in the current day situation of a business. Numerous organizations so as to acquire expanded benefits use the act of buying comparable sort of advantages from various areas to spare the duties on the exchange. As per my view, the assessment structure of Apple with the Irish government has helped the organization to pay relatively bring down pace of duty in Ireland. Apple has framed two strengthening substances in Ireland. These auxiliary elements are named as Apple Sales International and Apple tasks Europe, which have larger part of the companys resources. Apple Inc. in Ireland gives the permit to offering telephones to different auxiliaries in the worldwide market. For instance, if iphone is sold in China, the auxiliaries of Apple present in that would need to pay for utilizing the property of the Irish organization. In this way, the benefit earned by giving permit to the worldwide auxiliaries would eventually come to Irish auxiliary. In this way, the benefit produced from the various auxiliaries of Apple gets charged at low rate in Ireland. This permitted the organization to get benefits on charges from such duty concurrence with the Irish government (Taylor, 2016). From the above situa tion, I can say that that Apple was not liable of rehearsing charge exchange in Ireland and rather kept on paying the corporate duties according to the expense structure understanding that had been fixed between the organization and Irish government European Union (EU) and Its Decision on Apple Indeed, I believe that EU has been uncalled for with Apple and this can be seen from the reactions identified with the European Unions choice on Apples tasks in the worldwide market. As per European commission, Irish government has permitted Apple to pay a nearly lesser measure of corporate duty on the business tasks. The legislature of Ireland and Apple have couldn't help contradicting the charge of EU additionally chooses to make an intrigue against it. EU, subsequently expresses that the organization just paid 1% corporate assessment instead of 12.5%, which is a standard pace of duty in Ireland for the corporate bodies. The administration of the United States of America has reacted that retroactive expense evaluation made by EU is out of line and is disheartening the ability of the US organizations to battle monetarily in Europe. The Irish government likewise looks for an endorsement from the Irish bureau for the intrigue against the charges. 90%of the benefits of Apple produced f rom the outside nations are legitimately rewarded in the Ireland. Hence, this shows EU was out of line with the exhibition of Apple on forcing 13bn as duty for overstepping the state help laws (BBC, 2016). The CEO of Apple, Tom Cook has referenced a few focuses with respect to the activities of Apple in Europe which incorporates the accompanying: The organization had begun business 36years prior in Europe, when iphone was not presented The organization around then had the option to give business chances to in excess of 6,000 individuals across Ireland The accomplishment of the organization has had the option to make more than 1.5 million employments in the Europe. The organization has consistently played out its job as a dependable corporate body and has even contributed to a great extent towards the network and the country The developing business has situated the organization as the significant citizens in Ireland and even universally. The guidelines and direction of the Irish government in regards to the activity of the business has been trailed by the organization to consent to the various sorts of assessment rules (Source: Toor, 2016) Along these lines, I feel that the case of EU on Irish government preferring Apple on charge laws is unmerited and would cause an upsetting domain relating to the sway of the part conditions of EU on charge rules. Synopsis on Who Would Receive the 13bn That Apple Have Been Ordered To Pay I accept that, the sum took care of by Apple as duty punishment must be gotten by the administration of Ireland. Forcing back duties on Apple as per EU implies that the organization has not been paying the genuine corporate assessment pace of 12.5% according to then expense standards of Ireland. An examination by the European commission has uncovered that Apple pays just 0.005% expense all the time, which is considerably lesser than the real corporate duty rate. It is likewise understood that the particular treatment of the Irish government towards Apple has allowed the organization to pay such lower pace of duty. The European commission has begun revising the historical backdrop of Apple with respect to the carelessness in paying assessments in Ireland and not following the International duty framework (Baird, 2016). According to me, Apple in Ireland may need to acquire $14.5 million as assessment fine. The sum paid by Apple as expense has been found as 1% in 2013 out of 12.5 % of the corporate duty. The cash would be payable by Apple to the administration of Ireland as a pay for not contributing the genuine measure of corporate expense. Consequently, I imagine that, the choice by the European Commission has been viewed as a disputable issue on the planet. The tax assessment official of EU has expressed that such adaptable treatment on duty would let the neighborhood little organizations of Europe endure in contending with the opponents in the market. For each 1 million benefit, the organization just made good on 500 as expense, which is even under 1% (Meyer, 2016). View from Investors Perspective on Apple Case As a speculator, I guess that the European Commissions charge punishment on Apple shows the dull notoriety of the EU. I accept that the instance of Apple would not prevent the organization from putting resources into its objective market of Ireland and I would significantly buy the portions of the Apple soon. My supposition is that the most reduced corporate expense pace of 12.5% in the Western Europe has made Ireland a definitive goal for the remote organizations to contribute their capital in that. Along these lines, each financial specialist imagine that the low migration cost and duty would consistently draw in the worldwide speculators to Ireland (Doyle Flanagan 2016). I consider that the punishing Apple for charge exchange would not be a reasonable alternative to be attempted by the EU. The expense plan of Apple with the Irish government is a piece of an understanding and ought not force a duty discipline to the organization. Apple has consistently worked its business by keeping the principles and guidelines. In this manner, European commission can't control the federalism plan and Apple has been punished as it is perhaps the biggest organization on the planet with sound notoriety in the worldwide market (The Irish Times, 2016). My perspectives state that, European Commissions choice of punishing Apple if gets effective, the Irish government reserve would get helped, however the notoriety of turning out to be acceptable goal for the speculation may not exist for the more extended timeframe. After Brexit, the EU has no expert on the corporate duty on United Kingdom and it could be another decision for the financial specialists like me to contribute for future benefit age. There can be an eagerness of outside nation to put straightforwardly in United Kingdom than the other EU nations. The measure of assessment, whenever paid by Apple to the administration of Ireland would then have been more than the administration spending on countrys wellbeing administrations (The Guardian, 2016). Effect of Apple Case on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) On Ireland and EU As I would like to think, the Apples case identified with charge exchange would have a blended effect on the remote direct speculation of Ireland and EU. Monetary situation of Ireland may get improved with the choice of European commission, yet it might prompt a financial vulnerability in the medium term. The worldwide financial specialists may not consider Ireland to be the appropriate goal for the FDI in the event that Apple is seen as blameworthy. Thus, there are potential outcomes of shaky political circumstance and financial effect of Apple case in Ireland and EU (RTE, 2016). I accept that the commissions choice on Apple case would hamper the FDI speculation and consequently the chance of occupation creation in open economy would be less. Along these lines, Irelands picture in the worldwide market would discolor because of which the outside nation would show less enthusiasm for the structure of monetary foundation into the nation. The decision of EU has made an unbalanced domain for the remote financial specialists who generally have a place with the English talking countries. The FDI of Ireland is 500% of the countrys economy and is viewed as the second biggest in the European Union. The Ireland and EU may need to confront the dangers of losing its outside financial specialists, who encouraged the work openings in Ireland (The Business Times, 2016). According to my understandings, the connection between the EU and the United States of America may likewise get influenced with the Apple case in Ireland. The US financial specialists and the US house delegates have expressed that the choice of European commission to force punishment on Apple is terrible. The instance of Apple would send a wrong messag

Human Resources Management at Walmart

HR Management at Walmart 1 Introduction Human asset the executives is procedure of the board of individuals working in any organization or association. There is another term utilized rather than human asset the board is faculty the executives All the human asset the board models underlines on following significant things: looking through better approaches for working job of administrator in change making dealing with the exercises of workers Human working capital is significant for achievement of the organizations particularly in administration divisions. HR are one of significant costs part for any business, they generally assume significant job being developed which way organization is embracing for achievement in business. Right and effective administration of assets and their usage is vital for accomplishment everything being equal. Experts of human asset the board have built up a cutting edge see identified with work the executives as opposed to recently set of conventional way of thinking. In current serious business world that is consistently unique associations need to keep them advance with the pace of improvement in this evolving condition. The division of work inside association planned for finishing undertakings on schedule. Among the entirety of the significant authoritative offices is the branch of human asset the board. As per a few specialists authoritative achievement fundamentally relies upon the accomplishment of human asset office. This division has parcel of significant worth inside the association. Human asset the board is all around set, appropriately planned and balanced way to deal with any of the administration work that adds to the accomplishment of set business goals. In all associations human asset individuals have different capacities. In organizations branch of human asset assume a urgent job as they are liable for managing assorted variety of staff. Beginning from the enlistment ID procedure to the distinguishing proof of the advantages that every worker can bring to the association, with a legitimate anticipating this accomplishment. There is consistently a way that guarantees elements of HR will be distinctive for various associations as per the requirements of that association. The individuals in human asset consistently have the concentration and duty to improve the presentation of the worker. For the most part the staffing is a crucial advance identified with this procedure, yet results and result lies in execution the board. This is legitimately aftereffect of inner control of the Human Resources to make a greater amount of the workforce. HR Department for the most part attempts its great endeavors to offer advantages to workers cause it needs them to perform well with higher fulfillment, as indicated by th eir expected set of responsibilities. Improvement in the staff execution gets through a precise methodology received by human asset individuals. Current task will consider the idea of human asset the board, fundamental obligations of the division, issues and issues looked by this office, laborers motivating force and evaluation, assorted methodologies identified with human asset the executives, and thought and organization of any adjustment in beginning. We additionally will attempt to find that how walmart gaining ground in current serious business condition while dealing with all its Human Resources adequately to bring wanted achievement. What are some basic highlights of walmart approach and technique for its human asset the executives. 2 History of Walmart Date of Wal-Mart The vast majority realize that most well known markdown retailers began in 1962, K-Mart, level and Wal-Mart opened its first store. (Organization, 2010) really began by Sam Walton of this work during the exceptional rivalry of the 1950s a large number of the provincial markdown stores. Before making the opening of its organization Sam went to the greater part of the pieces of nation to learn things about the markdown retail business. He effectively persuaded American buyers that he got the thought for another and contrasted with the old. With certainty and vision, Sam with his significant other Helen began the advancement of a significant stake in the principal store in Rogers, Kmart has extended quickly during the 1960s, while Sam was to get adequate cash for the improvement of 15 stores of Wal-Mart. In 1972, business shares were offered to open in the New York. With this mix of cash, the organization made development in business built up its stores in 11 nations with number of 276 stores before the finish of its first decade. In 1983, opened its first store Sam Club Members Gallery. The early Supercenter was opened by 1988, highlighting supermarket and other 36 offices for general product. By 1989, there were 1402 Wal-Mart Stores 0.123 Sam Club locales. Expanded ten times work. Its business developed to $ 26 billion from one billion dollar. (Milner, 2005) Today it have stores and locales numbered 8747 in excess of 15 nations of the world that have 2.1 million Associates and offers support to in any event 176 million clients in a year time. 3 Concept of Human Resources Management Human asset the board Can be characterized as the entirety of every one of these exercises that are related with the executives of staff and their relationship inside the organization. Or then again Furthermore, proceed with activities in the administration of individuals and associations in any capacity to accomplish their objectives and targets. While an operator (2007) is characterized as all the choices and systems and the components supervisors procedures and practices, capacities, exercises and techniques for the administration of the people groups who function as representatives in any association. In this way, HR the board is basically an investigation just as the executives in any association that remains on the thoughts and strategies to improve the status of worker inspiration, productivity and execution. In light of overseeing individuals to accept that the staff is significant for the particular business and its proceeded with progress. The association can increase an upper hand just by utilizing its staff successfully, drawing plans based on their aptitude and abilities so as to accomplish very much characterized goals. In associations, and HR offices assume an essential job as they are answerable for managing various staff. Of the enlistment procedure and to recognize the advantages that every worker is done through the Department of Human Resources. Could be that the elements of HR are consistently unique to cover the necessities of associations, also they generally center and assume liability to improve the exhibition of the worker. For the most part the way toward staffing is significant advance for this, yet for the most part the outcome lies in execution the executives. This is connected to inner control by the Department of Human Resources and a greater amount of the workfor ce. 4 Workforce Planning and the challenges Work power arranging and arrangement of every one of your alternatives before going into the genuine work set for the staff to get the authoritative objectives is significant issue. It is surely known rule that the individuals are associations significant resource. Since without the skilled staff it is hard for all associations to reach towards their objectives. The main part of hierarchical improvement will come simply subsequent to guaranteeing that the correct staff with the correct abilities, information and practices in the association. Workforce arranging identified with accomplishing this result, and any genuine connection between business arranging and improvement, enlistment and maintenance, and staff preparing. Wal-Mart is a lot of worry about this issue, HR and enlistment framework and viable to manage their requirements for this reason and put the arrangement consistently. They declared the opportunity accurately, a pre-evaluation before taking part in the choice procedur e. They give advantages to its workers and offices regardless of, is accused for quite a while to Wal-Mart offices segregation and sick particularly low-paid. This format is about the workforce and gives the chance to chip away at long haul pondering the applicable administrations later on, and needs, and investigate every suitable methodology. Along these lines, the focal getting ready for organization work gets significant for the associations. 4.1 Employment Requirements Basic stage in the enrollment of HR the executives. It ought to be all around arranged and organized with the goal that the association can enroll the perfect individual for the ideal spot rather than simply making the accessibility of someone else at work. There are huge numbers of the issues looked during this procedure and supervisors for quite a while and the failure to center, time and budgetary assets important to make this procedure viable. Wal-Mart that they generally take qualified faculty and as indicated by it, and it makes representatives with appropriate training and skils productivity. 4.2 Development and Training Arrangement comes after the turn of events and preparing stage. Most the associations shockingly in some cases in any event, for specialized occupations don't give satisfactory preparing to their representatives before recruiting and work. There must be made sound framework which can guarantee that the Organization the essential courses of action to work previously and hands on preparing and advancement for their representatives. The-work preparing is the primary part in the field of HR at Wal-Mart is currently offers these courses for their representatives, yet in the midst of downturn, they offer instructional classes for certain individuals who are at this point of downturn. (Wal-Mart, 2010) 5 Administration of HR and staff execution HR the board are essentially liable for the representatives execution in business organization (Jones, 2007). To accomplish its motivations, which is liable for managing staff from enlistment to take a shot at and improve their responsibility and decrease non-attendance and turnover, and improving abilities levels and profitability, and improve the quality and proficiency of its work. 6 Century 20 key approaches to oversee HR There are some key models built up that are being used from the times of the 20 century and grew later by some HR professional

GED Writing Essay Topics For College

GED Writing Essay Topics For CollegeBefore you begin your GED writing essay topics, make sure you have taken the time to research what kind of information is required for each of your research topics. While doing so, you will save yourself a lot of time, money and headaches that can be caused by not having the right information to work with.GED writing essay topics can be found all over the place, but there are several things that you should take into consideration before you begin. As you search for essays that will be used in your courses, you will find that they will be different. Some will be from different years, some will focus on different topics, and some might be from entirely different levels of education.It is up to you to determine the main point of your research topic and then organize the information for it. The best GED writing essay topics are going to be centered around a single idea or topic. If you do not know where to start looking for the information that you wil l need, you will have a difficult time determining which essay to use. By using the Internet, you can find many resources that will offer you the ideas that you need.GED writing essay topics will not always contain a topic for every subject that will be taught in your classes. While this may be your preference, it is important to remember that this is a form that you will be completing for multiple students in the class. Make sure that the topic is important and relevant to the class.When searching for GED writing essay topics, you will find that these topics can vary from year to year. However, it is important to keep in mind that if your work is not up to par, it will have an effect on your grade. In order to ensure that your grades are not affected, it is imperative that you take the time to study up on what is needed for your specific topic and research accordingly.The most important thing that you can do when searching for GED writing essay topics is to keep your interest in mi nd. While some people might choose topics that are appropriate for the class that they are taking, there are many other students who will choose topics that are completely different. You want to be careful when choosing the topic that you choose because you do not want to use the same essay for every assignment.While there are plenty of different essay topics that are offered for GED writing, the majority of them are centered around science, math, geography, and history. However, you do not have to stick to these topics, you can use your imagination. Use the skills and abilities that you have learned while completing GED courses to help you create the essay that you need.GED writing essay topics can be done for any level of education. Whether you want to write for a college level course or an upper grade level course, you can complete the work, but it will not be as good. Do not lose heart though, because there are plenty of great topics out there for you to write about!

Explain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective...

Health And Social Care(Communication) . btec national diploma in health and social care level (1C) | Unit 1: Developing effective communication in health and social care | P4: explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. | | | For this question I am going to explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. There are many different strategies can be used to overcome barriers of communication in a health and social care settings: 1. Building relationships and appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication. It is very important†¦show more content†¦With this system blind people can read by running their fingers across the dots, and can write by impressing the raised dots into paper using a frame called Braille slate, or a Braille writer. Other possible strategies are: * Use language to describe things. * Assist people to describe things. * Explain details that sighted people might take for granted. * Check glasses. Other aids and equipment. Another example, people with hearing disability may use hearing aids. They are battery-powered electronic devices with small microphones to pick up and increase the volume of sound received by a person. Also, text phones, relay systems and minicoms may be used for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Other possible strategies are: * Don’t shout. Use normal clear speech and make sure your fase is visible for people who can lip-read. * Show pictures or write messages. * Learn to sign (for people who used sign language). * Ask for help from, or employ, a communicator or interpreter for sign languages. * Check that hearing aids and equipment are working. For people with physical and intellectual disabilities may be used strategies, such as: * Increase your knowledge of disabilities. * Be calm and patient. * Use pictures and signs as well as clear, simple speech. * Set up group meeting where people can share speech. * Check that people do not becomeShow MoreRelatedTesla Motors15249 Words   |  61 PagesThrough â€Å"production advantages† we meant to identify and explain how is Tesla sustaining competitive advantage in the current market and what are their core competencies. â€Å"Portfolio† can be explained as a description of the product range that Tesla has to offer. The â€Å"market size† means how big the investments are, how much represents to the Danish market, the whole market value. With â€Å"Macro environment factors† we wanted to exemplify and explain which are the factors that are influencing the DanishRead MoreTesla Motors15249 Words   |  61 PagesThrough â€Å"production advantages† we meant to identify and explain how is Tesla sustaining competitive advantage in the current market and what are their core competencies. â€Å"Portfolio† can be explained as a description of the product range that Tesla has to offer. The â€Å"market size† means how big the investments are, how much represents to the Danish market, the whole market value. With â€Å"Macro environment factors† we wanted to exemplify and explain which are the factors that are influencing the Danish

Whitworth University Admissions SAT, Acceptance Rate

Admission to Whitworth University is moderately selective, and most admitted students have grades that are above average. In 2016, the universitys acceptance rate was 89%. Students who have a GPA of 3.0 or higher can opt for an interview in place of submitting scores from the SAT or ACT. Other application requirements include a writing sample, a letter of recommendation, and details of extracurricular involvement. Admissions Data (2016): Whitworth University Acceptance Rate: 89 percentWhitworth University has test-optional admissionsTest Scores -- 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 500 / 640SAT Math: 500 / 620Top Washington colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 22 / 29ACT English: 21 / 30ACT Math: 22 / 28Top Washington colleges ACT comparison About Whitworth University: Founded in 1890, Whitworth University is a private liberal arts institution affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. The 200-acre campus is located in Spokane, Washington. Recent years have seen millions of dollars of upgrades and expansions to campus facilities. The university has a 12  to 1  student / faculty ratio, and the great majority of classes have under 30 students. Whitworth ranks highly among masters-level universities in the West. Whitworth does well on the financial aid front, and students with strong high school records and test scores can get significant merit scholarships. In athletics, the Whitworth Pirates compete in the NCAA Division III Northwest Conference. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 2,634  (2,297 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 40  percent male / 60 percent female98 percent full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $40,562Books: $840  (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,170Other Expenses: $3,180Total Cost: $55,752 Whitworth University Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 98 percentLoans: 63 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $24,177Loans: $7,544 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors: Business Administration, Elementary Education, English, Nursing, Psychology, Religion, Sociology, Chemistry, Biology, Exercise Science Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 85 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 63 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 73 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Baseball, Soccer, Golf, Swimming, Tennis, Basketball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Softball, Swimming, Soccer, Golf, Basketball, Track and Field, Volleyball, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Whitworth University and the Common Application Whitworth University uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples If You Like Whitworth University, You May Also Like These Schools: Gonzaga University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWashington State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Washington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSeattle University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWillamette University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Idaho: Profile  Boise State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBiola University: Profile  Pepperdine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOregon State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWhitman College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAzusa Pacific University: Profile   Whitworth University Mission Statement: mission statement from http://www.whitworth.edu/GeneralInformation/Whitworth2021/CoreValuesMission.htm Whitworth University is a private, residential, liberal-arts institution affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Whitworths mission is to provide its diverse student body an education of the mind and the heart, equipping its graduates to honor God, follow Christ, and serve humanity. This mission is carried out by a community of Christian scholars committed to excellent teaching and to the integration of faith and learning.

The Argument From Religious Experience - 1460 Words

The Argument from Religious Experience The argument for God, based on personal Religious experiences, is an argument that cannot be refuted by others. While others may not have the ability to prove the existence of God, through another’s experiences, they also cannot disprove this existence. A person’s personal experiences are something that no other person can determine, nor argue. My experiences are my interpretations for the occurrences within my life, therefore, another person cannot determine what my true experiences are, or how they make me feel or believe. Kreeft points out that there really is no need for an argument for the existence of God, based on these personal experiences, since another person cannot determine another’s†¦show more content†¦These experiences cannot be argued by anyone, since the person in which it occurred, is the only one with the ability to provide the reality to others. While a person may not have the ability to argue the experiences of another person, one can certainly argue the differences in these reported experiences. Accounts from different people, who cite various experiences, creates an argument against the existence of God, based on religious experiences. Utilizing these inconsistencies, people attempt to refute the existence of God by outlining these inconsistencies with various reports of the people claiming to have received these experiences (Holt, 2008). Persons who are skeptical of the religious experiences to support God will look to find inconsistencies within the stories of those reporting these experiences. However, to the believer, variances are a way of action for God. None of the miracles performed within the Bible were performed in the same manner. While the overall miracle may have been the same, the manner in which it was performed may vary. As an example, Jesus healed two blind men in vastly differing ways. One man, Je sus spat in the dirt to create mud, then rubbed the mud on the man’s eyes and instructed him to wash in the pool of Siloam, to which the manShow MoreRelatedAnalyse the Argument of the Existence of God from Religious Experience1171 Words   |  5 Pagesi) Analyse the Argument for the Existence of God from Religious Experience (18) The argument for the existence of God from Religious Experience is a simple one, with only two premises. The first being that some people have, or have had a religious experience, the second premise is that these are only explicable though God, thus leading to the conclusion that God exists. This leads us to question, what exactly are religious experiences? Theologians have struggled for centuries trying to defineRead MoreThe Argument for the Existence of God Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Argument for the Existence of God It is an undisputed fact that some people claim to have experienced God. It is these religious experiences that have been used by philosophers to argue for the existence of God. The main way of expressing the argument from religious experience is as follows: P1 Someone experiences an entity C1 The entity exists P2 Someone has experienced God C2 God exists Those who champion the argument seek to differentiate ordinary Read MoreExamine some of the key principles of the argument for the existence of God based upon religious experiences765 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples of the argument for the existence of God based upon religious experiences Religious experiences are experiences we have of the divine or God. These experiences may be Mystical experiences, conversion experiences or revelatory experiences. Paul Tillich states that religious experience is a feeling of ‘ultimate concern’, a feeling that demands a decisive decision from the one receiving it. He describes it as an encounter followed by a special understanding of its religious significance. Read MoreThe Existence of God Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesGod What we call religious experience can differ greatly. Some reports exist of supernatural happenings that it would be difficult to explain from a rational, scientific point of view. On the other hand, there also exist the sorts of testimonies that simply seem to convey a feeling or a peace of oneness- something which most of us, religious or not, may possibly relate to. Firstly, I will consider the nature of an experience. Experience involves encounters whichRead MoreCritically Asses, with Reference to William James, the Arguments from Religious Experience.1699 Words   |  7 Pages‘the varieties of religious experience’, James concluded that religious experience testifies that â€Å"we can experience union with something larger than ourselves and in that union find our greatest peace†.   He defined such experiences as â€Å"experiences of the divine† and believed that religious experience was at the heart of religion. For James, religious teachings, practices and attitudes are second hand religion, which later develop as individuals reflect on their common experience. It is the actualRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 PagesI do not find the three arguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witne ssed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of GodRead MoreKey Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for the Existence of God707 Words   |  3 PagesKey Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for the Existence of God The argument is of an a posterioi nature, therefore it is inductive. This means the argument uses data and evidence from which conclusions are drawn. The argument of experience must involve a sense of encounter, the experience of the encounter therefore has been seen, felt and sensed and therefore making the experience exist to us (Hume). These experiences seem to be widespread throughout societyRead MoreDoes God Exist?1366 Words   |  5 Pagesexists. Depicted in the painting there is a higher being or God watching over Jesus and his disciples. There are many arguments and ideas for the existence of a higher being or God, some of the main ones are; Pascal’s Wager, the Ontological argument, the Cosmological argument, the Teleological argument, the Moral argument, and the argument from religious experience. A classic argument that is used a lot is the first cause that states †all events in the natural world must have a cause therefore God mustRead MoreThe Challenges Posed For Religious Believers By Religious1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe challenges posed for religious believers by Religious diversity will be discussed in this paper. First, one must understand what Religious diversity is. Religious Diversity refers to religions making mutually exclusive claims that contradict one another. For t his discussion, Religious Diversity will focus on contradictory claims on reaching salvation and connecting with god depending upon ones personal religion. This discussion pertains to all major western religions like Judaism, Islam, andRead MoreThere Be Dragons : Effects Of Unexplored Religion On Nurses Competence1425 Words   |  6 Pageswriting to create a persuasive argument. Pesut uses an appeal to intellect through diction, and deductive reasoning, as well as several strong appeals to emotion to create an effectively convincing argument; however, an account of her own experiences would have strengthened her argument further through ethos and pathos. First, Pesut uses the arrangement of her ideas to appeal to the audience’s intellect. The article is arranged through deductive reasoning from broad to more specific, as she first

Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd Planning and Scheduling

Question: Discuss about the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd for Planning and Scheduling. Answer: Introduction Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is started in Sydney in 2008 to meet the needs of Chinese community in the Hawkesbury. It designs and manufactures the customized kitchen cabinets. However, Due to their credibility and high quality products, they started getting more and more orders. These orders are mix of customized as well as demand for standard kitchen cabinets by the builders in small batches. However, with increase in orders, there is huge pressure on the manufacturing facility as the facility and layouts are designed initially thinking of servicing the customized orders. That is the reason, they are having the product layout which is suitable for manufacturing of low volumes of products. As the facility is not designed according to the large number of orders they are receiving, currently organizations is grappling with the number of operational issues like too much work in process and finished good inventory, increase in lead time, reducing profit margins. Moreover, the entire syst em is working at its capacity and there is also no planning of breakdown of any resource. This industry has a huge potential for the growth and the inflection point has come for the Hawkesbury Cabinets. It has become very critical now for them to list down all the issues they are facing and analyze the situation and takes appropriate steps to respond to the growing needs of the market in order to maintain their credibility and reputation (Khanna, 2015). The objective of this essay is to discuss the current production systems and operations of the Hawkesbury Cabinets and the issues they are facing as they are witnessing a change in their order booking which was purely customized once a time now changed to a mix of customized and standard orders. This essay will discuss how these production and operational issues at tactical level can impact the organizations financial structure and other broad organizations issues like credibility and quality. Analysis Hawkesbury Cabinets was started as a small manufacturing company to meet the needs of Chinese community with the focus on designing and manufacturing the custom-made kitchen cabinets. As initially focus was more on manufacturing customized products, Hawkesbury designed their facility in a process layout fashion in which cutting tables and saws are in one section, shapers and routers in another section and lathes machine and other less frequently used machines in their own section away from the work area. However, there is very high demand for manufacturing standard cabinets and this existing plant layout is not very supportive for standard products (Canes, Willaimson, 2013). It works better for manufacturing customized products. Hence, Hawkesbury must think in this direction if their layout is in alignment of their strategy. Another issues is with the scheduling algorithm used by the organization. Profit margins is the only criteria to schedule the various jobs in the facility. Though scheduling by profit margin does make sense here but it should not be the only criteria (Dauzere-Peres, Lasserre, 2012). For instance, reducing the work in process and finished good inventory should be another aim of the scheduling algorithms. Scheduling algorithm should schedule jobs in such a way that if jobs is started, it should not be left in between replaced by another jobs unless there is a hot order (Mok, Cheung, Wong, Leung, Fan, 2013). Their current strategy has led to huge increase in work in process inventory and also impacting the lead time of standard cabinets. Also, Currently Hawkesbury manufactures the high quality finished products with each product irrespective of whether it standard product or customized product has to be processes by same equipment by same set of people. In this scenario, there can be any bottleneck resource before which inventory is getting clogged up (Costas, Ponte, Fuente, Pino, Puche, 2015). Same has to be analyze and appropriate measure should be taken. Also, there should also be a plan how the manufacturing will be handled in case of breakdown of any machine. As the manufacturing capacity is working at its full capacity, such measures are very critical. Also, Standard products are also getting processes by same set of people means organization is not utilizing the full talent of the people. Standard products can be automated or at least dependence of people should be reduced or new people with low skills can also work on the standard products thus increasing the availability of key craftsmen to work on the cust omized product (Tassey, 2014). Manufacturing of standard cabinets have impacted the operations adversely as it lead to increase in inventory, jobs started but left in between and also effected the delivery and lead time of the standard products. Improper order promising dates can be another issue here if organization is promising aggressive ship dates to customers and then struggling to meet them. The companys decision to include standard cabinets can have a negative impact on the financials of the company in a short term because of the poor readiness. Company is not ready at to handle increased inflow of customer orders. There are operational issues which are also creating reduced margins and increased costs. Huge money is invested in inventory making cash to cash cycle time large impacting the cash flow of the company (Dasgupta, Yan, 2015). However, the companys decision to include standard cabinets will definitely be very positive step in a long term as it will help the company to grow and increase its revenue once the company is stabilized. There is also small possibility that company may lose it niche in manufacturing customized cabinets and market started perceiving its approach is confusing in targeting between standard and customized markets. The move to manufacture standard cabinets will really prove profitable to company provided the cost, quality and delivery are n ot at all compromised. Conclusion The above essay discusses the various problems faced by the Hawkesbury in their operation as it started receiving large number of standard orders. It discusses how the increase in inventory/improper management of inventory is a real issue which is giving rise to many other issues. The root cause of all the problems in increases in inventory (ALcaraz, Maldonado, Iniesta, Robles, Hernandez, 2014). Once it is managed, remaining things like profit margins will automatically fall in place. It also discusses the financial impact of such issues however once all this is overcome, the long term impact of huge inflow orders will be positive on the balance sheet of the company. This essay has refrain from making any suggestions about how to overcome the problems rather it focuses on the analyzing the current issues and their cascading effect that will simply create more issues in the organization. References Alcaraz, J. L. G., Maldonado, A. A., Iniesta, A. A., Robles, G. C., Hernndez, G. A. (2014). A systematic review/survey for JIT implementation: Mexican maquiladoras as case study. Computers in Industry, 65(4), 761-773. Canen, A. G., Williamson, G. H. (2013). Facility layout overview: towards competitive advantage. Facilities. Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R., Puche, J. (2015). Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(4), 2049-2060. Dasgupta, S., Li, E. X., Yan, D. (2015). Inventory behavior and financial constraints: Theory and evidence. Dauzre-Pres, S., Lasserre, J. B. (2012). An integrated approach in production planning and scheduling (Vol. 411). Springer Science Business Media. Khanna, R. B. (2015). Production and operations management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Mok, P. Y., Cheung, T. Y., Wong, W. K., Leung, S. Y. S., Fan, J. T. (2013). Intelligent production planning for complex garment manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 24(1), 133-145. Tassey, G. (2014). Competing in advanced manufacturing: The need for improved growth models and policies. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 27-48.

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General Trends of English Politics Before The Viking Invasions Essay Do you detect any general trend or trends in the pattern of English politics before the Viking invasions? Although there were sporadic Viking attacks on the coasts of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from 793 onwards, the Viking invasions, when large forces started to appear for sustained campaigns, should probably be seen as beginning in 865, when a heathen army encamped on Thanet.1 Before this time, we see a trend in English politics of increasingly extensive overlordship of some kings over others. There is debate about the extent of these overlordships, but it seems reasonable to suggest that certain kings at certain times were able to dominate other kingdoms, and also that there was some increase in the area a king might aspire to control. However, there is more argument about what this trend might mean, and particularly whether it can be seen as part of an inexorable progression towards the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the ninth and tenth centuries. I shall argue that the pattern tended to a limit, and that there is no reason to see unification as its inevitable result, for three main reasons. Firstly, we see another trend that, as kingdoms grew both in size and strength, it became harder to convert overlordship into amalgamation, although this is seen in some cases. Secondly, I shall contend that the overlordship seen was based upon opportunism, with little or no institutional continuity between different overlords. Thirdly, the nature of Anglo-Saxon politics was such that no kingdom before the Viking invasions could sustain its ascendancy sufficiently for the trends to represent long-term moves towards unification. The best way to explain the eventual unification is not as a result of long-term trends, but as West Saxon opportunism at a time when the other kingdoms were weak, buttressed by a latent sense of united ecclesiastical identity, which the Viking threat brought to the surface. The main trend that we see in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon kingdoms is the growth of overlordship, whereby one political unit, while retaining a degree of separate identity, and quite possibly its own ruler, was dominated by another. Bede uses a variety of terms to refer to different rulers, including rex, princeps and subregulus. The impression that one gets from this is a complex patchwork of kings, with some subordinate to others: Dumville and Campbell both justifiably point out that the terminological variety suggests that there was no universal pattern, but a web of dependent relationships; this is similar to the situation in Ireland at the same time. It is likely that such relationships go back to the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period; Kirby points out that this would hardly be surprising, since Tacitus describes similar hierarchies in Germany. However, we do see overlordship being exercised over increasingly large areas: the traditional starting point here is Bedes list of sev en kings who ruled over all the southern kingdoms. 2 The evidence does generally support the view that these kings exercised considerable power over large parts of England. Keynes asserts that it is inconceivable that Aelle of Sussex and Ceawlin of Wessex, the first two rulers, could have wide ranging power. We know little about them, but the Chronicle entries do suggest that they were significant and had successes, particularly against the Britons.3 Furthermore, Myres studies of the distribution of pottery fragments suggest that both rulers exercised some authority in the Midlands and East Anglia, since pottery finds match those in their native kingdoms. The evidence is not sufficient to suggest that they had control as far north as the Humber, but we would be unwise to dismiss the idea that these kings had some form of overlordship over much of southern England. Furthermore, Keynes is sceptical about Aethelbert of Kents power, suggesting that Bedes reiteration of the claim that he was king of all the land south of the Humber4 shows that this was dubious, requiring repetition to convince readers. However, the papal appeal that Aethelbert should spread the Word to his subjects suggests that he had considerable power, as Higham argues, even if he was not literally king of the English, the style accorded to him by the appeal.5 It is less easy to rebut Keynes diminution of Raedwald of East Anglia, since we know very little about him. If we could be more certain that the person buried at Sutton Hoo is indeed Raedwald (as many historians posit), we could assume that he was a very rich and powerful king; however, Keynes does not give us any positive reason to doubt Bedes claim regarding Raedwalds wide overlordship. Although Keynes asserts that Bede makes inflated claims about the scope of the influence of Edwin, Oswald and Oswiu of Northumbria, there is no strong evidence to support this: Bedes account is internally consistent, giving examples of these kings intervening in the Mevanian Islands (Angelsey and Man),6 Wessex,7 East Anglia,8 and Mercia9 at various times. These interventions could be entirely military (as is implied for the islands) or could involve peaceful shows of power, such as Oswalds participation in the baptism of Cynigils of Wessex. It seems reasonable to conclude that these kings did exert influence across large parts of Southumbria and it appears that the areas they could control increased; Keynes attempt to deny extensive overlordship in this period to strengthen his (already strong) case against a formal Bretwaldic institution is not particularly convincing. Furthermore, overlordship did not end with Oswiu: indeed, the later Mercian kings were possibly even more successful in securing practical overlordship across much of Southumbria. Bede acknowledges that the southern kingdoms were subject to Aethelbald at the time he was writing,10 supporting Dumvilles conclusion that the omission of the Mercian kings from the earlier list was prompted by concern to curtail the digression from Aethelberts death, rather than Northumbrian bias. There is evidence of Mercian hegemony in the south before Aethelbald: Bede explicitly states that the South Saxons were subject to Wulfhere11 and Eddius refers to Wulfheres ability to draw forces from all the southern kingdoms.12 Furthermore, charters give us evidence that Mercian kings were overlords in Southumbria: in the Ismere Diploma, Aethelbald is styled king not only of the Mercians but also of all provinces which are called by the general name South English';13 Offa could confirm a land grant by an ealdorman of the South Saxons;14 Offa was apparently the most beloved lord of the Hwicce;15 Offa was in a position to revoke a grant of land by the King Egbert of Kent;16 Wiglaf could grant land in Worcestershire;17 and Brihtwulf could do the same in Berkshire.18 This charter evidence is very important: it demonstrates that the kings of Mercia in this period claimed authority over other southern kingdoms and also implies that this authority could have practical manifestations, such as the right to grant land or at least to confirm grants made by their underkings. The extent of their authority seems to decline after Offa, but the principle of overlordship, in a more limited sense, continued. One of the most debated possible indicators of widespread Mercian overlordship is the document known as the Tribal Hidage. The difficulties and ambiguities of this text are such that the charter evidence cited is a far stronger sign of extensive Mercian overlordship, but there is a significant possibility that the Tribal Hidage is a Mercian tribute list, estimating the tribute that the Mercian kings hoped to collect from southern kingdoms. Highams bold self-confidence in dismissing a Mercian origin is unwise, in that such levels of certainty are wholly inappropriate in this context: all we can do is suggest hypotheses, while accepting that other hypotheses may be valid. As Featherstone and Sawyer point out, the methodical arrangement, with the kingdoms being arranged in an approximately clockwise order around Mercia, hints at a Mercian origin. The inclusion of a figure for Mercia, which Higham sees as evidence that the document is a Northumbrian tribute list, might be an assessment of internal food renders, Featherstone suggests. The preservation and copying of the Tribal Hidage imply that there was some practical purpose in estimating the hidation of Southumbria: it is still possible to accept tentatively the claims of Davies and Vierck that the Tribal Hidage is an indicator of widespread Mercian overlordship. There is some agreement that Egbert of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle appends to Bedes list of overlords and styles Bretwalda (Manuscript A ruler of Britain) or Brytenwalda (other Manuscripts wide ruler), was overlord of extensive territories. Keynes accepts the Chronicles claim that Egbert conquered the kingdom of the Mercians, and everything south of the Humber;19 this statement must cast doubt upon Stentons assertion that the extent of Egberts overlordship was not comparable to Offas. Nevertheless, Keynes claim that Egbert was the first, not the eighth, wide ruler is dubious: the evidence very strongly suggests that overlordship had been an aspect of Anglo-Saxon politics for centuries. However, the territories being brought under a single overlord were tending to increase in scale: the archaeological record suggests that the early great kings, like Aelle and Ceawlin, could aspire to rule much of the land south of the Humber, but nothing like as much as the later Mercians and Egbert. This trend was not relentless: in the period between Offa and Egbert, there is little evidence of comprehensive overlordship on the scale of either of these rulers. Although we observe this trend towards the formation of more extensive overlordships, we should not conclude, as Stenton and John do, that this trend could be extrapolated to encompass the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the first place, it seems to have been increasingly difficult to convert overlordship into the actual amalgamation of kingdoms. Initially, with small kingdoms, it may not have been unduly difficult to effect such assimilation: Yorke points out that East Kent seems to have consumed West Kent sometime during the sixth century. Indeed, much amalgamation probably occurred in the sixth century, before the various kingdoms that we see emerged. Furthermore, it was often possible for a larger kingdom to digest a smaller one: this is seen in the cases of Deira (eventually subsumed into Bernicia after 651) and the Hwicce (gradually divested of independence by Mercia in the eighth century). However, integration was not always smooth: despite being united under Aethelfrith and Edwin, Deira was ruled separately under Oswine from 642 until 651. In the latter part of the pre-Viking period, it would have been very difficult for one of the greater kingdoms to consume another permanently: this is suggested by the fact that, despite their struggles and periods of subjection to one another, Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex all survived until the Viking onslaught. An illustration of this difficulty is the case of Mercia: Oswiu of Northumbria was only able to rule Mercia directly for three years after his victory in 655; he was driven out by the Mercian ealdormen in 658. Similarly, Egberts domination of Mercia was not secure: he was recognised as king by the Mercians in 829 but Wiglaf was restored in 830. Indeed, it would seem that political union was most successful when it was pursued gently: unlike Offas aggressive attempts to dominate Kent from 764 until 785, Wessexs absorption of Kent and Sussex was done with sensitivity to the local nobles; this did, however, mean that the sense of union was perhaps not cemented, as is suggested by Aethelwulfs proposed division of Greater Wessex, with Aethelbert succeeding in the East and his other sons taking Wessex itself in turn. However, unification in the ninth and tenth centuries can be explained in that the situation after the coming of the Vikings was different, since Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria were seriously weakened by the attacks, aiding Wessexs expansion. Moreover, the overlordship that we see was probably highly opportunistic, without institutional underpinnings. Yorke is probably right that the principal motivation for overlordship was the collection of tribute: Bede mentions tribute in connection with overlordship20 and Eddius says that Wulfheres purpose in attacking Northumbria was to gain tribute.21 Furthermore, the Mercians could presumably have conquered a tribe like the Hicca (assessed at a mere 300 hides in the Tribal Hidage), had they wished to do so; that such tribes existed as notionally independent entities suggests that, if the Tribal Hidage is a Mercian tribute list, the Mercians were content with tribute rather than political union. However, John argues that there was some kind of institutional framework and that overlordship was being gradually translated into unification. Key to this argument is the adoption of formal titles by kings: John contends that the ideal of a united Britain was a real one in kings minds, citing the use of various titles. The most famous of these is Bretwalda or, as John prefers, Brytenwalda, which appear in different versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle;22 I shall not become drawn into an argument about which style is the original, because the ambiguity and confusion is sufficient of itself, as Wormald argues, to cast doubt upon the existence of such an institution in reality. Clearly, whoever was copying the manuscripts was not familiar with the term, which suggests that it was a literary construct devised retrospectively to describe Egbert; its frequent application to kings like Aelle and Raedwald is therefore probably anachronistic and Kirbys vision of kings striving to become Bretwalda23 is most likely to be fanciful. John also argues that other titles imply the existence of some kind of abstract concept of overlordship separate from the individual kings who happened to be overlords. For example, he highlights that Adomnan says that Oswald was ordained by God as emperor of all of Britain24 and that Boniface refers to Aethelbald wielding the glorious sceptre of imperial rule over the English.25 This evidence, combined with the point about Bretwaldas, is a rather thin basis for a case: it is quite possible that the titles were simply being used for flattery; the fact that Boniface calls Aethelbald king of the Mercians in his letter asking Herefrith to deliver the previous communication suggests that the imperial title used in the letter to Aethelbald was unofficial.26 Moreover, Offa is also generally styled king of the Mercians,27 as is Cenwulf.28 In their charters, they tend to claim to be kings of various kingdoms, rather than stressing titles of institutional overlordship. If there was no institution of overlordship, each de facto overlordship would have to start afresh in trying to create cohesion: the trend of increasingly extensive overlordship was not therefore destined to result in the formation of England, since there was often little continuity between the different overlords. The sense of common identity that began to emerge by the later ninth century (Alfred could speak of Angelkynn and Englisc) probably had far more to do with religious unity in the face of the pagan Viking threat. As Wormald argues, the Church, rather than the so-called Bretwaldas, was the institution that provided a common reference point for the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, by stressing that the Gens Anglorum was a chosen people, selected to receive the Word. Given that there were most probably no institutions to produce continuity in overlordship, momentum towards unification could only be maintained as long as a particular kingdom was in the ascendant; however, the nature of Anglo-Saxon politics in this period was such that success tended to be transient. We see this is Northumbria, whose hegemony collapsed very quickly after defeats at the Battle of the Trent (679) and Nechtansmere (685). Likewise, Mercian hegemony seems to have declined gradually after Offa. There was, to a significant extent, a natural instability in the pattern of politics: kings required land to grant to warriors (to secure their support), which required the conquest of land, which required more warriors; this pattern was clearly unsustainable in the longer term. The importance of giving gifts to warriors is seen in Beowulf, where Hrothgar says that he will dispense / his God-given goods to young and old;29 Bede shows that such gifts were necessary in the real world, expressing concern that excessive endowment of secularised monasteries had left Northumbria with insufficient land to grant to warriors. 30 There is evidence to suggest that warriors would desert their lord, if he ceased to provide them with treasure and land: Aldhelm expresses disapproval of those who do this in his letter to the clergy of Bishop Wilfrid.31 Probably, the importance of conquering new lands explains why the initiative shifted away from the south-east to Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex: these kingdoms could, at least for a while, conquer land from Britons, in a way that kingdoms like Kent could not. A notable feature of both Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon politics is that kingdoms tended to come to grief sooner or later; success was rarely lasting. Another source of instability was internal dynastic politics: there seem to have been frequent civil wars. This is hardly surprising given that, according to Dumville, any aetheling could claim the throne through descent in the male line from the founder of the kingdom: the multiplicity of aethelings32 would not infrequently compete for the kingship. The Historia Regum attributed to Simeon of Durham demonstrates that four different dynasties competed for the Northumbrian throne between 759 and 796, with murders, exiles and (probably forced) tonsures being common.33 Similarly, there is evidence of the threat of dynastic instability in Mercia, in that Offa decided to eliminate his son Cenwulfs potential competitors; Alcuin attributes conflict in Cenwulfs reign to this policy and says that this was not the strengthening of his kingdom, but its ruin. 34 Given that there were such internal problems, it is hardly surprising that kingdoms could lose overlordship quickly, as dynastic politics came to predominate. The importance of dynastic stability is seen in the eventual rise of Wessex: Egberts successes against Mercia came when the latter was probably engaged in dynastic wrangles; Campbell suspects that neither Ludeca (825-7) nor Wiglaf (827-40) were related to their predecessors. On the other hand, the West Saxon succession was more stable, as Dumville points out: this is seen in the succession in turn of Aethelwulfs sons, even if it did not conform entirely to Aethelwulfs intentions. However, dynastic tension was generally a feature of the pre-Viking period: this contributed to the rapid rise and fall of kingdoms, meaning that overlordship could not consolidate into unification. We do therefore see a trend towards greater overlordships in this period, though it must be noted that this trend was gradual and not entirely linear. Nevertheless, it is clear that certain kings were able to exert influence over far larger areas just before the Viking invasions than others could at the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period. However, it would be unwise to extrapolate this trend and interpret it as some kind of progression towards the eventual unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under the West Saxons. It became harder to translate overlordship into political amalgamation as kingdoms grew, and overlordship was not itself stable, given the internal vicissitudes of kingdoms. We see that, before the later ninth and tenth centuries, no kingdom could sustain overlordship for long and, in the absence of recognised institutions of overlordship, this meant that whatever progress might conceivably have been made towards unification under one overlord was lost when his kingdoms power waned. The rise of Wessex was predicated upon factors that mostly could not have been foreseen: it was able to take advantage of the weakness of the other English kingdoms in the wake of the Viking attacks and could exploit the latent sense of religious unity, which was probably made stronger by the common, external, pagan threat. Bassetts extended metaphor of a knockout football competition, which inevitably produces a single winner, is not particularly apposite; while we might nowadays modify Kembles nineteenth century allusions (he described overlordship as a mere fluctuating superiority such as we may find in Hawaii, Tahiti or New Zealand, due to success in war and lost in turn by defeat35), his basic conclusion, that the overlordships that we see in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were not leading inexorably towards unification, still seems entirely reasonable. Bibliography Sources: Adomnan, Life of Columba, ed. and trans. R. Sharpe (1995) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Historical Documents, i, 1, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Beowulf, trans. S. Heaney (1999) Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (1969) Bede, Letter to Egbert, in English Historical Documents, i, 170, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Eddius, Life of St Wilfred, in English Historical Documents, i, 154, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Simeon of Durham, Historia Regum, in English Historical Documents, i, 3, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Charters: in English Historical Documents, i, 54, 66-7, 76-7, 79-80, 85-7 Letters: in English Historical Documents, i, 165-6, 177-9, 191-3, 195, 197-200, 202, 204-5, 208-10, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Secondary works: S. Bassett (ed.), The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (1989) M.P. Brown and C.A. Farr (eds.), Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe (2001) J. Campbell, Bedes Reges and Principes (Jarrow Lecture 1979), in J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (1986) J. Campbell (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons (1982) J. Campbell, The Impact of the Sutton Hoo Discovery on the Study of Anglo-Saxon History, in J. Campbell, The Anglo-Saxon State (2000) W. Davies and H. Vierck, The Contexts of the Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns, in Frà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hmittelalterliche Studien 8 (1974) D.N. Dumville, The Aetheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon Constitutional History, in Anglo-Saxon England 8 (1979) D.N. Dumville, The Terminology of Overkingship in Early Anglo-Saxon England, in The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, ed. J. Hines (1997) N.J. Higham, An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings (1995) D. Hill, Offas Dyke: Pattern and Purpose, in Antiquaries Journal 80 (2000) E. John, Orbis Britanniae and the Anglo-Saxon Kings, in E. John, Orbis Britanniae (1966) J.M. Kemble, The Saxons in England, ed. and revised W. De G. Birch (1876) S. Keynes, Raedwald the Bretwalda, in Voyage to the Other World: the Legacy of Sutton Hoo, ed. C.B. Kendall and P.S. Wells (1992) S. Keynes, England 700-900, in The New Cambridge Medieval History II, c.700-c.900, ed. R. McKitterick (1995) D.P. Kirby, The Making of Early England (1967) D.P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991) J.N.L. Myres, Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England (1969) P.H. Sawyer, From Roman Britain to Norman England (1998) F.M. Stenton, The Supremacy of the Mercian Kings (1918), in F.M. Stenton, Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England (1970) F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (1971) A. Williams, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England c.500-1066 (1999) P. Wormald, Bede, the Bretwaldas and the Origins of the Gens Anglorum, in Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies presented to J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. P. Wormald et al. (1983) P. Wormald, The Venerable Bede and the Church of the English, The English Religious Tradition and the Genius of Anglicanism, ed. G. Rowell (1992) B. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (1990) 1 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 865 2 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 5 3 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 485, 491, 568, 577, 584 4 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, i, 25; ii, 3; ii, 5 5 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, i, 32 6 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 5; ii, 9 7 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 9; iii, 7 8 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 14 9 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 16 10 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, v, 23 11 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, iii, 30 12 Eddius, Life of St Wilfred, 20 13 English Historical Documents, i, 67 14 English Historical Documents, i, 76 15 English Historical Documents, i, 77 16 English Historical Documents, i, 80 17 English Historical Documents, i, 85 18 English Historical Documents, i, 87 19 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 829 20 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 5; iii, 24 21 Eddius, Life of St Wilfred, 20 22 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 829 23 Kirby, The Making of Early England, p 54 24 Adomnan, Life of Columba, i, 1 25 English Historical Documents, i, 177 26 English Historical Documents, i, 178 27 English Historical Documents, i, 191, 198, 210 28 English Historical Documents, i, 204, 205 29 Beowulf, lines 72-3 30 Bede, Letter to Egbert 31 English Historical Documents, i, 165 32 Dumville, The aetheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history, p 13 33 Simeon of Durham, Historia Regum, in English Historical Documents, i, 3 34 English Historical Documents, i, 202 35 Kemble, The Saxons in England, volume ii, p 17

Swords :: Essays Papers

Swords The sword was the predominant weapon of the knight during the Middle Ages. According to the Arms and Armor Glossary, "Swords have a long tapered, usually two edged blade ranging from 32" to more than 72" In length ending in a point which was sometimes, but not always, used for thrusting." Knights used swords in battle because they were very light. In weight, ranging from 3-5 pounds. The first metal swords were made of bronze, but later they were crafted of iron. From the period of the sixth century until the fifteenth century the most popular weapon for both knights and squires was the broadsword. The broadsword is generally a two-edged sword that ranges in length from 30" to 42". This sword is 2" to 3" at the base and 1/16" to 1/8" at the point. A knight was able to fight all day with this weapon because of its light weight, yet it was heavy enough that it could inflict serious harm on anyone that was to get in it's way. The broadsword is so dangerous because it works by concentrating the force of its blow. Another popular type of sword was the bastardsword. Bastardsword is the modern word for hand and a half sword. This blade's popularity peaked during the fifteenth century. Being 44" to 50" in length this sword was longer than the traditional broadsword. Knights liked this sword because of its versatility, the extended handle allowed the blade to be used in either both hands or wielded in one hand. In general swords tend to weigh less than most people think. The pommels of many swords are thicker than they appear in most drawings and illustrations; they are heavy in order to counter the blade. Over time the sword came to possess a very strong symbolic meaning, different virtues were assigned to the two edges of the sword. "The two edges of the sword show that the knight serves both God and the people, and its point shows that all people must obey him." (Barber 36) The cross or quillion (a popular 16th century term) is another part of a sword. It was given this name because of its shape; the quillion resembles a Christian cross, which subsequently furthers the symbolism of the sword.

Biographical Sketch: Reverend Craig J. Wright

REVEREND CRAIG J. J. WRIGHT Biographical Sketch Reverend, Craig J. Wright is the Pastor of Calvary African Methodist Episcopal Church in Glen Cove, New York, and serves as the Associate Vice President for Equity, Inclusion and Affirmative Action at Nassau Community College, Garden City, New York. He has been a college administrator and student advocate since 1988, and a preacher of the Gospel since 1992. Pastor Wright is a native of Freeport, New York. In his home town, Craig Wright was active in leadership roles from his youth at Bethel A. M. E. Church, his home church; Freeport High School; and the Nassau County Economic Opportunity Commission (EOC). Craig Wright attended Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, where he gained invaluable experience as a Resident Advisor, Sophomore and Senior Class President, and was introduced to Phi Beta Sigma, Fraternity, Inc. He earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science from Cheyney, Master of Science Degree in Human Resource Management/Labor Relations from New York Institute of Technology, and is currently pursuing a Doctorate of Ministry, in Urban Ministry, from Payne Theological Seminary. Reverend Wright is a charter member of Mu Delta Sigma, Chapter of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. is a member of the Village of Freeport’s Quality of Life Committee; serves on the Nassau County Hate Crimes Task Force and has served the community as: an Auxiliary Police Officer; a Trustee on the Board of Directors of the City of Glen Cove’s Boys and Girls Club; a member of La Fuerza Unida, Board of Trustees; and Nassau County Chapter of the American Red Cross, Board of Directors. He has presented motivational workshops and speeches for colleges and universities throughout the northeastern region of the United States and has conducted religious services throughout the country and Central Ameri ca. Reverend Wright believes that there is no ceiling to human potential. Pastor Wright was inducted into the New York State Martin Luther King, Jr. Dream Keepers Wall of Fame, and is the recipient of the Nassau County Executive Citation for Community Service, in addition to several awards and commendations from state and local officials, as well as student organizations. His happiest and proudest achievements are being a husband for twenty-four (24) years to his high school sweetheart, Danita, and being a father of two sons.

Platos The Apology Essay - 1530 Words

How you have felt, O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was – such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.† – Plato â€Å"The Apology† In â€Å"The Apology,† Socrates represents himself in his own trial. He boldly questions the morality of the people of court. In this report, I will be analyzing portions of â€Å"The Apology† in order to reveal the intellectuality of this text within this time frame. I will only discuss bits of â€Å"The Apologyâ€Å" on account that it is a lengthy piece. However, before discussing the speech it is important to set the scene. Socrates was born in 469 B.C.E. and lived to 399 B.C.E. (Nails, 2014).†¦show more content†¦Under this regime was Socrates sentenced to death. â€Å"The Apology† allows not only for us to conceptualize Socrates’ trail, but it also provides a glimpse of the way the government was set up in this time. In â€Å"The Apology,† Socrates is summoned to a trail based on accusations convicting him of impious beliefs and corrupting the youth. Socrates, first, addresses the charges of corrupting the youth. He begins by stating that Meletus could care less about matters concerning children. He, then, inquires if Meletus â€Å"†¦think[s] a great deal about the improvement of youth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lawall, 786). To this Meletus responds with an earnest answer. â€Å"Yes, I do† (p.786). Socrates responds with a sequence of questions regarding Meletus’s view of the â€Å"improver† of children. Meletus answers these questions with simple answers; he names the laws judges, senators, and â€Å"the members of the assembly.† (p. 786) To each of Meletus’s responses, Socrates has an anti thetical reply. Socrates generally refutes this charge by comparing the care of horses to the care of children. â€Å"Does one man do them [horses] harm and all the world good? Is not the exact opposite the truth?† (786). He goes on to say that the world would be a much better place if all but one person were virtuous. He, then, asks if it is better to live among the good or the bad. Meletus agrees that it is better to live among the good (786). Socrates asks if his corruption of the children is intentional or unintentionalShow MoreRelatedPlatos The Apology659 Words   |  3 Pages Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial where he is charged for various reasons; not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates did not win over the jury pleading his case, and was therefore sentenced to execution. It can be said that Plato’s Apology of Sokrates, although an unsuccessful attempt at defending Socrates on the charges of corruption the youth of Athens, is a successful defenseRead MorePlatos The Apology792 Words   |  3 PagesPlato’s The Apology is the speech that Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, creating new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Even though the title of Socrates’ speech is The Apology, it is not an apology for his actions, but rather he attempts to defend himself and his conduct. The apology has made me reflect on whether a person should focus on i mproving himself or herself, or should they focus on improving other peopleRead MoreEssay on Platos Apology932 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Apology At the elderly age of seventy, Socrates found himself fighting against an indictment of impiety. He was unsuccessful at trial in the year 399 B.C. The charges were corrupting the youth of Athens, not believing in the traditional gods in whom the city believed, and finally, that he believed in other new divinities. In Platos Apology, Socrates defends himself against these charges. He claims that the jurors opinions are biased because they had probably all seen AristophanesRead More Platos Apology Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Apology Plato’s Apology is the story of the trial of Socrates, the charges brought against him and his maintaining of his own innocence throughout the process. At the onset of the trial, Socrates appears to challenging the charges, which included corrupting the youth, challenging belief in the gods that were accepted and reveled by the State, and introducing a new religious focus, but also belittles his own significance and suggesting that he will not attempt to disprove thatRead MorePlatos Apology And Crito1036 Words   |  5 PagesIn Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, I believe Socrates’ philosophy of not doing harmful things on purpose, because of ignorance, or the act of doing it unwillingly, is false. First I will show you some contradictions introduced in the books of the Apology, and Crito and explain them. Next, I will explain how in the present day Socrates philosophy is false due to the vices of mankind, with evidence from the Apol ogy, then I will show you how Socrates might argue his point and a counter argument in presentRead MorePlatos The Republic and The Apology1714 Words   |  7 Pages In Plato’s The Republic and The Apology, the topic of justice is examined from multiple angles in an attempt to discover what justice is, as well as why living a just life is desirable. Plato, writing through Socrates, identifies in The Republic what he thought justice was through the creation of an ideal city and an ideal soul. Both the ideal city and the ideal soul have three components which, when all are acting harmoniously, create what Socrates considers to be justice. Before he outlines thisRead More Platos Apology Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Apology In the retelling of his trial by his associate, Plato, entitled â€Å"The Apology†; Socrates claims in his defense that he only wishes to do good for the polis. I believe that Socrates was innocent of the accusations that were made against him, but he possessed contempt for the court and displayed that in his conceitedness and these actions led to his death. In his defense, Socrates claims over and again that he is innocent and is not at all wise, â€Å"†¦for I know that I haveRead MorePlatos The Apology : The Meaning Of Life759 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s â€Å"The Apology† takes places in Athens in 399 BC. Socrates, a natural philosopher, is put on trial and accused of failing to recognize the god of Athens, creating new deities, and corrupting the minds of the city youth. The Athenians, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon fear that Socrates’ teachings lack respect for the legal customs and religious beliefs established in the city and could create a damaging effect on Athens’ community (Dan I.(n.d.). In this piece, Plato writes an account of Socrates’Read MorePlatos Apology And Crito Analysis1873 Words   |  8 PagesTensions between moral philosopher and the faithful citizen of the polis are highlighted in Plato’s Apology and Crito. In the Apology, Socrates is faced with a death sentence at t he hands of the state, but ironically is unapologetic in his discourse while defending himself. The Crito, however, displays Socrates in a dialogue where he chooses to engage and characterize the laws as a means of arguing for his faithfulness to the decision of the polis. Indeed, he uses the laws as a rhetorical deviceRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Tragedy Of Platos Apology1068 Words   |  5 Pagesdisplayed the proper elements of adversity within the â€Å"Apology† and detailed the unfairness the democratic society of Athens presents by punishing an opposing, equally justified force. Socrates preforms his defence arrogantly and sarcastically in the courtroom of Athens, humouring his own trial where he faced a grave fate. Socrates would not accept a verdict of guilty, therefore would not accept any other punishment than freedom. Platos Apology depicts the dramatically tragic death of philosopher